Which of the following illusions can affect a pilot’s judgment during landing approaches?

The correct answer is focused on the perception changes based on runway dimensions, which can significantly impact a pilot's judgment during landing approaches. This illusion can lead to misjudgment about altitude or distance to the runway due to how the dimensions of the runway appear from the cockpit. For instance, a narrow runway might give the pilot a false sense of height or distance compared to a wider runway; this can affect the approach angle and ultimately how the landing is executed.

As for the other options, while they represent valid perceptions that can also influence a pilot's landing approach, they are not the main focus of the question regarding the specific dimension-related illusions. Increased perception of runway elevation and false visual references from external lighting can indeed create misperceptions, but they tend to relate more to environmental factors rather than the inherent visual illusion caused by runway sizing. The illusion of being closer to land relates to spatial awareness impacted by various factors, but it does not specifically address how runway dimensions can change perception during an approach.